{"id":4595,"date":"2025-07-24T11:26:13","date_gmt":"2025-07-24T11:26:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/american-board.us\/?p=4595"},"modified":"2025-07-24T11:26:13","modified_gmt":"2025-07-24T11:26:13","slug":"mechanical-engineering-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/american-board.us\/ar\/mechanical-engineering-2\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646 <strong><b>FE<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635 &#8220;\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641&#8221; (PE)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629<strong><b>.<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u00a0:<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b><\/b>\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li><b><\/b>\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627(ABET\/EAC).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong><b>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><\/b><strong><b>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u00a0(CBT)..<\/li>\n<li><b><\/b><strong><b>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:<\/b><\/strong><b><\/b>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629\u00a0(NCEES)..<\/li>\n<li><b><\/b><strong><b>\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:<\/b><\/strong><b><\/b>\u00a0\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0648\u00a0(Pearson VUE) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><b>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><\/b><strong><b>\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 <\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0110 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><b><\/b><strong><b>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:<\/b><\/strong><b><\/b>\u00a06 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u25aa\ufe0f <strong><b>\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0634\u0627\u0621<\/b><\/strong>2 \u00a0\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0646.<br \/>\n\u25aa\ufe0f <strong><b>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u00a0(Tutorial)<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>\u00a08 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642.<br \/>\n\u25aa\ufe0f <strong><b>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a<\/b><\/strong>5 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:<\/b><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b><\/b>\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a.<\/li>\n<li><b><\/b>\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f.<\/li>\n<li><b><\/b>\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/american-board.us\/ar\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a<\/a><\/strong><\/span> \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong><b>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629\u061b \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646 :<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><b>1<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>.\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a: <\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/b><\/strong>( \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629: 5\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640(8<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><b>2<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u00a0.<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0(<\/b><\/strong>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 6\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u06404<strong><b>)<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a).<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0646).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0651\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f)\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u00a0t\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0630\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><b>3<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u00a0.<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0(<\/b><\/strong>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 8\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u06405<strong><b>)<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong><b>4<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>. <\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a<\/b><\/strong>:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 8\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u06405)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0637).<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0629).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><b>.5<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 <\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/b><\/strong>( \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 7\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u064011)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 (\u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f (\u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><b>.6<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 7\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u064011)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636-\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628\u060c pC-pH<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 (\u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><b>.<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>7<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0(<\/b><\/strong>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 6\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u06404<strong><b>)<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0639\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0646\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><b>8<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>.<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0(<\/b><\/strong>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 18\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u064012<strong><b>)<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644: \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a-\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0628\u0627\u062e\u060c \u0647\u0627\u0632\u0646-\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644).<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 (\u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u062e (\u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644\/\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644).<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 (\u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><b>9<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>.<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0(<\/b><\/strong>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 5\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u06403<strong><b>)<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 (\u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639).<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><b>.<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>10<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (<\/b><\/strong>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 14\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u06409<strong><b>)<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a (\u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646).<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 (\u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 (\u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646).<\/li>\n<li>\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631-\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0628\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0637\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-4597\" src=\"https:\/\/american-board.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2025-07-24_142033-300x209.png\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\" width=\"534\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https:\/\/american-board.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2025-07-24_142033-300x209.png 300w, https:\/\/american-board.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2025-07-24_142033-768x534.png 768w, https:\/\/american-board.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2025-07-24_142033-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/american-board.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2025-07-24_142033-600x417.png 600w, https:\/\/american-board.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2025-07-24_142033.png 972w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 534px) 100vw, 534px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong><b>.<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>11<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0(<\/b><\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 12\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u06408)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0648\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u060c \u062b\u064a\u0633\u060c \u062b\u064a\u0645).<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><b>12<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>.<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (<\/b><\/strong>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 18\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u064012<strong><b>)<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0627\u062a).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646).<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0636\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0623\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062f).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><b>.<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>13<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 ( \u00a0<\/b><\/strong>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0626\u0644\u062912\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u06408<strong><b>)<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646)<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><b>.<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>14<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (<\/b><\/strong>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 11\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u06407<strong><b>)<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><b>.<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>15<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (<\/b><\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 6\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u06404)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646 FE\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635 &#8220;\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 &#8230; <a class=\"cz_readmore\" href=\"https:\/\/american-board.us\/ar\/mechanical-engineering-2\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%8a\/\"><i class=\"fa fa-angle-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><span>Read More<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":4598,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[159],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4595","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-159"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/american-board.us\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4595","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/american-board.us\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/american-board.us\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/american-board.us\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/american-board.us\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4595"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/american-board.us\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4595\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4599,"href":"https:\/\/american-board.us\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4595\/revisions\/4599"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/american-board.us\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4598"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/american-board.us\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4595"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/american-board.us\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4595"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/american-board.us\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4595"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}